[This is the complete index, exactly as it appeared in the book.
Eventually, I hope to be able to hyperlink all of this.]

ABC, 225

Abend, Sheldon, 217

Abie’s Irish Rose (Nichols), 153-54, 153, 189

ABKCO Music, Inc. v. Harrisongs Music, Ltd., 162-65, 163

access to copyrighted works, 119

in substantial similarity, 165-66

Accolade, Inc., 200-202

Actors Equity Association, 40

actual damages, 246

Acuff-Rose, 200

Adams, Ansel, 138, 159-60, 160

Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc. v. New York University, 26-27, 177-78, 257n

Adobe Photoshop, 92, 95

Advance Research Projects Agency (ARPANet), 101-2

advertising, 141-42:

Internet and, 103

right of publicity in, 227

substantial similarity in, 157-59, 161

on Web sites, 117

“After the Ball,” 32

agents, 107

Air Pirates Funnies, 192, 195-99, 198

Alden-Rochelle Inc. v. ASCAP, 183, 263n

Alfred A. Knopf, 147-49

Alfred Bell & Co., 134

Alfred Bell & Co. v. Catalda Fine Arts, Inc., 134, 261n

Alt, Howard, 161-62, 162

Alt v. Morello, 161-62, 162

Alva Studios, Inc. v. Winninger, 142-43, 143, 262n

Amazon.com, 109

American Association of University Professors, 26

American Dictionary of the English Language (Webster), 15

American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc., 28-29, 258n

American Law Institute, 215-16

American Library Association, 22

American Marconi Company, 62

American Mutoscope and Biograph Company, 57, 60

American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP), 40-43, 44, 181, 182-83

American Spelling Book (Webster), 15

America Online, 102, 103, 109

Amistad, 152-53

Ammirati & Puris, 161, 161

analog technology:

sound recordings and, 45-45, 47

television and, 71, 73

Anderson, John, 139

Andreessen, Marc, 107, 109

Animaniacs, 194

Annual Authorization Service (AAS), 29, 30

[278]

anti-dilution laws, 222

antitrust law, 222

Apollo Company, 34, 35

Apple Computer, Inc., 83-88, 83

Microsoft’s licensing agreement with, 86-88

Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp., 83-85, 260n

Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., 86-66, 260n

Apple Corps. Ltd. v. Leber, 226, 266n

Apple II, 83, 83, 85, 86

applets, 108

architectural works, 146, 186, 245

arithmetic unit, 76

ARPANet (Advanced Research Projects Agency), 101-02

Articles of Confederation, 15, 18, 131, 139

artists, Internet and, 110

art reproductions, 133-36

ASCAP (American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers), 40-42, 44, 181, 182-83

As Clean As They Wanna Be (2 Live Crew), 200

As Dirty As They Wanna Be (2 Live Crew), 200

Asimov, Isaac, 100

Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale, 234

Association of Research Libraries, 22

Association to Protect the Rights of Authors, 234

Asther, Nils, 154

Astor, Mary, 147

AT&T, 129

Atari, 86

Atari v. North American Philips Consumer Electronics Corp., 148, 262n

Atkinson, Brooks, 153, 154

attorneys’ fees, 175-76, 246

attribution, right of, 169

Audio Home Recording Act (1992), 49-51, 69-70

“Audion” vacuum tube, 39

audio rental stores, 47-48

audiotapes, 44, 45, 48, 144

see also digital audiotape recorders

authentication of users, 118

authors, British, 238-39, 242

manufacturing clause and, 236-37

unprotected under U.S. copyright law, 230-34, 235

authors, U.S., 230-32, 234, 235-36, 239, 242, 244

authorship:

concept of, 12

joint, 214

originality and, 128

under Statute of Anne, 12-13

Autobiography, An (Adams), 138

Autolight, 192, 193, 196

Baldwin, Neil, 33

Bamberger Department Store, 43

bandwidth, 104

Banks, Betsy, 41

Barber, Benjamin, 250

Barnes, James, 231

Barnes, Margaret Ayer, 154

bars, 181

Barton, E.M., 129

Basic, 77-78, 86

Basic Books, Inc. v. Kinko’s Graphics Corp., 27-28, 257n

Batchelor, Charles, 33

BBC Television, 225

Beatlemania, 226

Beatles, 37, 38, 39, 40-41, 164, 170, 226

Bee Gees, 165, 165

Bell, Alexander Graham, 99-100, 100, 129

Bell Company, 100, 101, 129

Benesh movement notation, 145

Ben-Hur (movie), 57-60

Ben-Hur (play), 58-59, 59

Ben-Hur; A Tale of the Christ (Wallace), 57-59

Benny, Jack, 192, 196

Benny v. Loew’s Inc., 192, 193, 196

Benson, Gary, 80

Bergman, Ingrid, 196, 220

Berlin, Irving, 42

Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc., 192, 197-99, 198, 264n

Berne Convention, 116, 234, 237, 241-42, 248

architectural works protected under, 146, 245

[279]

Berne Convention (continued)

back door to, 237-38, 243

computer programs under, 97

duration of copyright under, 206, 238, 245

moral rights under, 169, 240, 245

Berne Implementation Act (1988), 241-42, 251

Berners-Lee, Tim, 107, 107

Betamax, 49, 67-69, 71, 200

Betamax case, see Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.

Bettmann Archives, 135

Bezos, Jeff, 109

Billboard, 40

BITNET, 101-2

Black Rainbow (Zambito), 152

Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co., 128, 141-42, 261n, 262n

blind persons, 182

Blockbuster Video, 72

Blue Boy, The (Gainsborough), 134-35, 134

blueprints, 146

BMI, 43, 183

boat hull designs, 146-47, 186

Bogart, Humphrey, 147, 149, 220

Bolling, Ruben, 207

books, 11-30, 131

foreign editions of, 236-37

international copyright and, 230-43

printing press and, 10, 11-17

substantial similarity in, 152-55

Boone, Richard, 228

Boorstin, Daniel J., 12, 16, 233

Booth, Shirley, 227

Bootleg (Heylin), 171

bootlegging, 170, 171, 246

see also piracy

Bordman, Gerald, 235

’bots, 107

Boyd, William, 149, 166

Boyer, Charles, 196

Brady, Mathew, 33, 58, 136, 137, 208, 232

Bridgeman Art, Inc., 134-35, 135

Bridgeman Art, Inc. v. Corel, Inc., 134-35, 261n

Bright Tunes Music Corp. v. Harrisongs Music, Ltd., 162-65, 163, 164, 263n

British authors, see authors, British

broadcast television, 61-63, 62

broadcast transmissions, nonsubscription, 52-53

Brook, Jim, 216

Brown, James, 166

Brown, Ronald, 112

Buchwald, Art, 226

Buchwald v. Paramount Pictures Corp., 226, 265n

Burkan, Nathan, 37, 42, 44

Burroughs v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc., 148, 262n

Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co., 137

Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony, 137-39, 137, 261n

business photocopying, 20, 27-29

Business Software Alliance (BSA), 178

C (programming language), 77

cable television, 63-66, 73

community antenna and, 63, 64

compulsory license for, 66, 180, 184

distant signals and, 64-65

premium channels on, 63, 66-67, 71-72

caches, 116-18

Cadillac, 222

Caesar, Sid, 192, 193-94, 196

California, University of:

at Los Angeles (UCLA), 101

at Santa Barbara, 101

Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., 199, 200 264n

Canada, 237

Carey, Mathew, 240

Carlson, Chester F., 18, 19

Carroll, Andrew, 220

Carson, Johnny, 69

Carte, Richard D’Oyly, 232-33

Carte v. Duff, 233-34, 266n

Carte v. Evans, 233-34, 266n

cartoon characters, 192, 195-99, 198, 207

Caruso, Enrico, 35, 36

Casablanca, 220

Case, Steve, 109

Cassidy, Hopalong (char.), 149, 166

casual photocopying, 29-30

Catalda Fine Arts, Inc., 134

Cave Dwellers, The (Saroyan), 218

Caxton, William, 11, 14

[280]

CBS, 149, 190, 228

CCC (Copyright Clearance Center), 28-29, 178-79

CD-ROMs, 75, 93, 94, 114, 130

CDs (compact disks), 44-46, 47, 48, 49-50, 51, 53, 54-55, 92

censorship:

Internet and, 3, 108

Centennial Exposition of 1876, 129

Centerfield (Fogerty), 176

central processing unit (CPU), 74-75

CERN (European Particle Physics Laboratory), 107

Cervantes, Miguel de, 14

Chaplin, Charlie, 218

Chaplin, Oona O’Neill, 218

characters, 147-50, 228

cartoons, 192, 195-99, 198, 207

licensing of, 269

charitable purposes, 182

Charvat, William, 234, 242

Chase-Riboud, Barbara, 152-53

Chase-Riboud v. Dreamworks, 152-53, 262n

chat rooms, 102-3, 104

Chicago Graphic, 237

Chiffons, 162

China, People’s Republic of, 248

choreographic works, 144-45, 168

Chronicle, The 20 Greatest Hits (Creedence Clearwater Revival), 176

civil law, 247-48

Civil War, 136, 137

Clark, James, 107

Clark, William, 131, 215

Clay, Henry, 137, 231

Clemens, Samuel, see Twain, Mark

Clift, Montgomery, 196

Clinton, Bill, 109, 110

Close Encounters of the Third Kind, 152

clothing design, 187

Coca, Imogene, 196

Coca-Cola, 223

Cohens and the Kellys, The, 153-54, 153, 189

College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Educ. Expense Bd., 265n

Collins, Jeremy Blake, 109

Columbia Graphophone Co., 35

Columbia Pictures Corp. v. National Broadcasting Co., 192, 193-94, 196, 264n

Coming to America, 226

Commerce Department, U.S., 124

common law copyright, 222-23

Community for Creative Non-Violence (CCNV), 214

Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid, 214, 265n

compact disks (CDs), 44-46, 47, 48, 49-50, 51, 53, 54-55, 92

Compco Corp., 227

Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc., 227, 266n

compiler, 77

composers, 31-44, 45

Internet and, 110

compulsory licenses, 37-39, 38-39, 40-41, 53, 184-85

for cable television, 66, 180, 184

for digital audio home recorders, 49-50, 185

for digital audio transmissions, 51-54, 169, 185

for jukeboxes, 184

for noncommercial television and radio, 184

for phonorecords, 66, 180, 184

for satellite television systems, 185

VCRs and, 68

Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc., 88-89, 260n

computer chips, special protection for, 89-92

computer programs, 76-79, 144, 244, 246, 251

archival and adaptive copies of, 88-89, 91

patents and, 80-81

piracy of, 173, 178, 241

rental of, 92-93, 168, 244

site licenses for, 178, 179

trade secret law and, 80

[281]

computers, 74-97

compatibility of, 83-85

hardware for, 74-76

workings of, 74-79, 74, 75

see also computer programs

Computer Software Rental Amendment (1990), 92-93

Congress, U.S., 4, 97, 139, 199, 227, 234, 248, 250

First, 14-15, 17, 251

home videotaping and, 68-69

Internet and, 111-12

petitioned for copyright protection by British authors, 231-32

sound recordings and, 46-47, 229

see also House of Representatives, U.S.; Senate, U.S.; specific acts and amendments

Connecticut, 18

Constitution, U.S., 15, 84, 139, 204, 251

First Amendment to, 16, 248

on writings, 13-14, 137

contracts, 225-26

contributory copyright infringement, 111, 177

contributory liability of on-line service providers, 115-17

CONTU (National Commission on New Technological Uses of Copyright Works), 24-25, 82-83, 85, 91

Cooper, James Fenimore, 231, 234

copying, 151, 167

common law, 222-23

duration of, 119, 183, 205-07, 229, 238, 240, 245, 250

exclusive rights of, 14, 123, 146, 166-71

limitations on, 6, 180-204

remedies under, 171-79

rights granted in, 151-79

technology and, 3-5, 9-124

termination of, 216-29, 229

works protected under, 131-50

work vs. physical object in, 212-13

see also specific topics

copyrightability, 190

art reproductions under, 136

cable television under, 65-66, 184

choreographic works under, 145

compulsory license under, 38-39, 66

computer programs under, 81-82, 84-85, 89, 92-93, 144

Conference Report on, 127-28

duration under, 206, 208, 245

fair use under, 192

formalities under, 209

infringement under, 173, 177

literary works under, 131

music and sound recordings under, 38-39

photocopying under, 23-24, 25-26, 27, 29, 114

property rights under, 212-13

public display under, 169

radio performances under, 182

section 102 of, 84-85

section 106 of, 89

section 107 of, 25, 27, 29

section 108 of, 23-24, 25-26, 114

section 109 of, 92-93

state law and, 229

termination in, 217

of 1802, 133, 137, 172

of 1819, 172-73

of 1831, 136, 175, 205

of 1856, 59, 61, 172, 205

of 1865, 61, 136

of 1870, 133, 140, 168, 172

of 1891, 136, 140, 234-38, 242

of 1895, 172

of 1897, 173, 181

of 1912, 61, 143

of 1964, 144

of 1971, 55

of 1978, 222-23, 225

of 1980, 72, 76, 88-89

of 1984, 55

of 1988, 177, 209

of 1990, 92-93

of 1992, 55

of 1994, 170, 171, 223

of 1995, 169

[282]

of 1999, 214

see also specific acts and amendments

and computer software, 80, 89, 118-19

for VCRs, 177-78

for videotapes, 114-15; see also macrovision

Corbis, Inc., 135

Corel, Inc., 134-35

Cornell, Katharine, 154

corporations, as copyright owners, 213

Cosmos (Sagan), 12-13

Cosmo’s Factory (Creedence Clearwater Revival), 176

costs of lawsuit, 175-76

Courier Lithographing Co., 141-42, 141

Court of Claims, 22-23, 30

Cowie, Alexander, 139

CPU (central processing unit, 74-75

Crawford, Joan, 154, 154, 174

Creative America, 250-51, 267n

Creedence Clearwater Revival, 175, 176

criminal liability, 173-74

Csida, Joseph and June Bundy, 140, 258n

Daly, Augustin, 139

Daly v. Palmer, 59-60, 259n

damages, 176

actual, 246

statutory, 177, 246

dance, 144-45, 168

“Dardanella,” 163-64, 163, 165

databases, 188

Davis, James, 22

Day-Brite Lighting Company, 227

DeCosta, Victor, 228

DeCosta v. Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc., 228, 266n

Dees, William, 200

defamation, 226

Defense Department, U.S., 101-2

de Forest, Lee, 39-40, 41

Demetriades, Chris, 146

Demetriades v. Kaufmann, 146, 146, 262n

DeMille, Cecil B., 181

deposit requirement, 131, 210-11, 212, 213, 236, 237, 238

Depression, Great, 40, 62, 63, 238

derivative works, 151, 168, 217, 251

World Wide Web links as, 123

design patent, 185, 219

Detective Comics, Inc. v. Bruns Publishing, Inc., 148, 262n

Diamond Multimedia Systems, 50-51

Dickens, Charles, 232, 233, 234, 238

Dickson, W.K.L., 60

Diddley, Bo, 166

Digimarc, 113

digital audiotape recorders, 49-50, 185

digital audio transmissions, 51-54, 169, 185

digital cameras, 93

Digital Millennium Copyright Act (1998), 25, 54, 55, 71-72, 109-20, 123-24, 245, 246, 251

boat hull provision of, 147

copy protection under, 170, 177-78

on-line service providers and, 177, 178

Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings Act (1995), 52-54, 52-53, 55

digital “signatures,” 113

digital technology, television and, 72, 73

digital “watermarking, 113, 113

Dillinger, John, 190

Dillinger Dossier, The (Nash), 190

Dime Detective, 217

Dior, Christian, 187

discretionary remedies, 172, 176-77

Dishonored Lady, 154-55, 154

distribution, 151, 167-68

Donaldson Lithographing Co., 141

Don Quixote (Cervantes), 14

DOS 86-87

Douglas, William O., 80

“Do You Want to Dance?,” 227

drama, 139-40, 144, 173

public performance of, 168, 181

Drawing Hands (Escher), 247

[283]

drawings, 140-43

Dr. Seuss Enters., LP v. Penguin Books USA, Inc., 193, 195, 264n

duration of copyright, 119, 183, 205-07, 229, 238, 240, 245

Eastman, George, 56, 138, 139

Echo of Lions (Chase-Riboud), 152-53

Edison, Thomas, 32-33, 33 56, 57, 60, 61

Edison Licensee Group, 57

educational institutions, nonprofit performances by, 182

educational photocopying, 20, 25-27, 200

Edward, Gus, 32

Elder, Bill, 198

Electronic Frontier Foundation, 111

Eleventh Amendment, 216

Ellsworth, William W., 15

Elsmere Music, Inc. v. National Broadcasting Co., 192, 264n

e-mail, 104-5, 105, 106, 116

digital files attached to, 105

mailing lists on, 104-5

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 231

encoding, 170

encryption, 110, 112

England:

international copyright in, 231, 232

see also authors, British

engravings, 134-35, 141

entry points, 84

equity, fair use in, 193

Erlanger, Abraham, 58-59

Escher, M.C., 247, 247

E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial, 152

European Particle Physics Laboratory (CERN), 107

European Union, 188

Evans, Roy, 251

Eventide (Taylor), 145

exclusive rights, 14, 123, 146, 166-71

extension of copyright term, 183, 208, 250

fact-expression distinction, 161, 187-88, 248

Factors Etc., Inc. v. Pro Arts, Inc., 226, 266n

Fairness in Music Licensing Act (1998), 183, 207

fair use, 29, 30, 119, 190-92

as equitable doctrine, 193

in Ford memoirs case, 155, 204

parody as, 164, 192-99

in photocopying, 20, 21-23

and public policy, 199-204

VCRs and, 67-68

Faraday, Michael, 98

Fast Forward: Hollywood, the Japanese, and the VCR Wars (Lardner), 71

FBI warnings, 173

Federal Communications Commission, 72

Federal Hall, 17

Federalist Papers, The, 14

federal laws, state laws preempted by, 227-29

Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co., 129-30, 131, 187-88, 261n

Field, Cyrus, 99

File Transfer Protocol (FTP), 106, 107

Filmvideo Releasing Corp. v. Hastings, 149, 262n

Filo, David, 109, 110

fine arts standard, 140-43

First Amendment, 16, 248

first sale doctrine, 48, 92, 167-68, 169, 180

audio exception to, 69

computer software and, 92-93

video rentals and, 69-70, 71

“First Time I Saw Maris, The,” 192, 197

First Trust Co. of Saint Paul v. Minnesota Historical Society, 215, 265n

fixation, 127, 170, 190, 208-11, 222-23, 246

fixed fines, 172

Fleming, George, 61

Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Educ. Expense Bd. v. College Savings Bank, 265n

Fogerty, John, 175-76, 176

Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc., 175-76, 176, 263n

Ford, Gerald R., 155, 204

Ford Motor Co., 227

forfeiture of infringing copies, 171-72

formalities, 208-11, 229, 236-38, 238, 240, 242, 245-46

[284]

“for profit” performances, 41-43

Fortas, Abe, 64, 65

Fortnightly Corporations, 65-65

Fortnightly Corp. v. United Artists T.V., Inc., 63-65, 259n

Foster, Stephen, 32

Fourneaux, Henri, 33

Fox News, 120-22, 121

framing technology, 121-22

France, 247

Franklin Ace 100, 83

Franklin Computer Corporation, 84-85

Fred Fisher, Inc. v. Dillingham, 163-65, 163

Fred Fisher Music Co. v. M. Witmark & Sons, 265n

Freed, Les, 86

French, Richard, 31

From Here to Obscurity, 192, 193-94, 196

FTP (File Transfer Protocol), 106, 107

fund-raising events, 182

Gainsborough, Thomas, 134-35, 134

Gallery of the Louvre, The (Morse), 133

Gaslight, 192, 193, 196

Gates, Bill, 86

Geibel, Adam, 34

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 243-44

Genesis (Sega), 201-2

Gershwin, George, 35

Gershwin Plays Gershwin: The Piano Rolls, 35

“Get Back,” 164

“Get Up and Go,” 164

Gilbert, W.S. 232-34, 235, 236-37

Gilliam v. American Broadcasting Cos., 225, 265n

Girl Scouts, 182, 182, 183

Global Information Infrastructure (GII, 110

Godfather, The, 195

Goldwyn, Samuels, 63

Goldwyn Pictures, 59

Gone With the Wind (Mitchell), 243

“Go Now,” 41

Goodrum, Charles A., 131, 210, 212, 213

Goodyear, Charles, 99

Goodyear Tire Rubber Company, 227

Goofy, 186

Gopher, 106, 107

Gottschalk, Robert, 80

Gottschalk v. Benson, 80, 260n

government works, 131, 160, 215-16

Govezensky, Patricia, 223

Grand Canyon, The (Samuels), 160

graphical user interface, 86-88

Gray, Elisha, 129

Great Britain, see authors, British; England

Great Escape, The, 195

Great Wallace Shows, The, 141-42, 141

Greenstreet, Sydney, 147

Gutenberg, Johann, 11

Hamburglar (char.), 158

Hamilton, Alexander, 15

Hammett, Dashiell, 147-49

Hand, Learned, 128, 147, 153-55, 156-57, 163-64, 188, 189, 261n

handicapped persons, 182

Hand of God (Rodin), 142-43, 143

hard drive, 75

Harper & Row, 203-4

Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. v. Nation Enterprises, 155, 203-4, 262n, 264n

Harper Brothers, 58-59

Barris, Charles, 32

Harrison, George, 162-64

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 231, 234

Hayes, Rutherford B., 33

HDTV (High Definition Television), 72, 73

Hedwig, Ula, 227

Henry, Joseph, 33, 98-99, 99, 100, 241

Herbert, Victor, 41, 42, 44

Herbert v. Shanley, 41-43, 259n

Hersey, John, 84

“He’s So Fine,” 162-64, 163, 164, 165

Hewlett-Packard, 86

Heylin, Clinton, 171

High Definition Television (HDTV), 72, 73

high schools, 182

Hindenburg disaster, 189, 189

H.M.S. Pinafore, 232, 235, 235

Hoehling, A.A., 189

Hoehling v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 189, 264n

Hogarth Act (1735(, England, 135

[285]

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 41, 43, 58-59, 128, 141-42, 261n

Home Box Office, 66

House of Representative, U.S., 17, 19, 25-26, 92, 192, 217

“How Deep is Your Love,” 165, 165

H.R. Pufnstuf, 157-59, 158

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), 107

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), 107, 108

Hugo, Victor, 234

hyperlinks, 108

hypertext, 108

IBM computers, 86

Ice Capades, 159

icons, 86

idea-expression distinction, 119, 155, 188-89, 225-26

Idle, Eric, 164

Illegal Beatles, 170

“I Love New York,” 192

“I Love Sodom,” 192

independent contractors, 214-15, 218

independent creation, 160

industrial designs, 186

Information Infrastructure Task Force, White Paper by Working Group of, 110-12, 114, 116, 118, 119, 246

infringement:

of computer programs, 88-89

contributory, 111, 177

by on-line service providers, 111

profits in, 164

by states, 216

willful, 173, 177

injunctions, 172-73

input devices, 76

instant messages in, 103, 104

instrument of conveyance, 212

integrity, right of, 169

intellectual property, 221-22

contracts and, 225

Intellectual Property and Information Infrastructure (White Paper), 11-12, 114, 116, 118, 119, 246

Intel Pentium CPU chip, 89

interactive digital subscription services, 53

interlibrary loan system, 24

intermediate copyright, 201-2

International Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (1994), 97

international copyright, 140, 230-48

see also Berne Convention; WIPO

International Copyright Act (1838), England, 232

Internet, 3, 4, 67, 76, 101-24, 130, 138, 248

birth of, 101-2

chat rooms, 102

digital audio transmissions on, 51-54, 52

intellectual property protection on, 108-11

MP3 files on, 50-51

nature of information on, 249

service providers, see on-line service providers

“streaming” audio on, 52, 53-54

transferring files on, 106

uses of, 102-4

video images on, 103-4

World Wide Web on, 103, 107-8, 110

Internet Explorer, 108

Internet Relay Chat (IRC), 102

Iolanthe, 232-33

Iolanthe case, 233, 266n

Irving, Washington, 231, 234

“It Had to Be Murder” (Woolrich), 217

Jackson, Doris, 40

Japan, 243

Java, 108

Jefferson, Thomas, 5, 15, 16, 215

Jerome, William, 42

Jobs, Steve, 86

joint authorship, 214

jukeboxes, 184

Jurassic Park, 152

Justice Department, U.S., 108

Kalem Company, 57-60

Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros., 57-60, 259n

“Kalua,” 163-64, 163

Kapor, Mitch, 111

Kastenmeier, Robert, 26

Kelly, grace, 217

Kempelman, Max, 234

Kennedy, John F., 143-44, 202

“Kentucky Babe,” 34, 35

[286]

Kern, Jerome, 163-64

Key, Francis, Scott, 31

“killer app,” 108

kinetograph, 56, 57

kinetoscope, 56, 57

King Features Syndicates v. Fleischer, 148, 262n

King of Kings, 181

Kinko’s Graphics Corporation, 27-28

Kisch, John Duke, 161, 161

Kisch v. Ammirati & Puris, Inc., 161, 161

Klaw, Marc, 58-59

Klein, Allen, 164

Kodak box camera, 138

Koons, Jeff, 192-93, 194

Kreusi, John, 33

Krofft, Sid & Marty, 157-59, 158

Kurtzman, Harvey, 198

labanotation, 145, 145

Lanham Act, 224, 225

Lardner, James, 68-69, 71

“Last Time I Saw Paris, The,” 192, 197

Latman, Alan, 27

lawsuits, costs of, 175-76

L. Batlin & Son v. Snyder, 143-43, 142, 262n

Leary, Denis, 109

Lehman, Bruce, 112

Leibovitz, Annie, 192, 193

Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures, 192, 193, 264n

Lennon, John, 38, 39, 163

“Let It End,” 165

Letty Lynton, 154-55, 154, 174-75

Lewis, Meriwether, 131, 215

Librarian of Congress, 114

Library of Congress, 131, 210-11, 210, 212, 213

library photocopying, 20-25, 115, 117, 180, 200

licensing, 86-88, 124, 134, 159, 166

Lieber, Jerry, 41

Life, 203

Life of An American Fireman, 61

limitations to copyright, 6, 180-204

compulsory licenses, see compulsory licenses

fact-expression distinction, 161, 187-88, 248

fair use, see fair use

idea-expression distinction, 119, 155, 188-89, 225-26

nonprofit musical performances, 181-82, 183

parody, 164, 191, 192-99

radio musical performances in restaurants and small businesses, 182-84

works of utility, see works of utility

Lincoln, Abraham, 137

linking license, 122

Litchfield, Lisa, 152

Litchfield v. Spielberg, 152-53, 262n

literary works, computer programs as, 81-82, 85, 144

lithographs, 134

“Little Cotton Dolly,” 34

live musical performances, 170, 223, 246

Loew’s theaters, 175

Lolita (Nabokov), 149

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 2331, 233, 234

Lorre, Peter, 147

Lo’s Diary (Pera), 149, 149

lost profits, 172

Lotus 1-2-3, 111

Lotus Domino, 109

Louis B. Mayer Co., 175

Lubar, Steven, 47, 67

Lubin, Sigmund, 61

Lurie, John, 161, 161

Lynch, Charles, 43

McCartney, Paul, 38, 39, 163

McDonald’s Corp. 157-59, 158, 222

Macintosh computers, 86-87, 87, 88

Mack, Ronald, 162-63

macrovision, 71-72

McSleep, 222

MAD Magazine, 192, 197-99, 198

Madison, James, 14, 15

Maltese Falcon, The (Hammett), 147-49

Maltese Falcon, The (movie), 147, 149

Manfred Mann, 40

manufacturing clause, 236-37, 238-40, 241, 242, 244, 245

maps and charts, 131-33, 135

Marconi, Guglielmo, 62, 63

MarcSpider, 113

[287]

Martin Chuzzlewit (Dickens), 233

Martin Weiner Corp., 156-57

Marx, Groucho, 220

Marx Brothers, 220

mask works, 89-91, 90

Massachusetts, 18

Mayer, Alfred, 98

Maynard, Joyce, 212

Mayor McCheese (char.) 158, 159

MBone (Multicast Backbone), 104

MCA, 217

Melville, Herman, 231, 234

memory unit, 75

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 59, 175

Metro-Goldwyn Pictures, 154, 175

mezzotint engravings, 134-35

Michaels, Lorne, 164

Michigan, University of, 28

Michigan Document Services, Inc., 28

Mickey Mouse (char.), 148, 186, 195-99, 198

Microsoft, 135, 221

Apple’s licensing agreement with, 86-88

as monopoly, 87, 108, 222

midis (musical interface devices), 95

Midler, Bette, 227

Midler v. Ford Motor Co., 227, 266n

Mikado, The, 233-34, 235-36

Millennium Initiative, 250-51

Miller, John, 240

Miller, Samuel, 137

Minnesota, University of, 106

Mitchell, Margaret, 243

monopoly, 12

Microsoft as, 87, 108, 222

Montgomery, Robert, 154, 174

Monty Python’s Flying Circus, 225

Moody Blues, 41

Moon for the Misbegotten, A (O’Neill), 218

Moore, Demi, 192, 193

moral rights, 169, 240, 245, 247-48, 251, 252

Morello, Joe, 161-62, 162

Morris, Howard, 196

Morrison, Herb, 189

Morse, Samuel F.B., 15, 98-99, 99, 100, 133

Moscow on the Hudson, 157, 157

MOS Technology, 86

Mostek 6502 chip, 83, 86

Motion Picture Association of America, 66

Motion Picture Patents Company, 57

motion pictures, movies, 56-61, 73, 143-44, 174, 225-26

as derivative works, 217

piracy of, 241

public performance of, 168

rights for, 175

soundtracks of, 183

substantial similarity in, 152-55

on television, 63

theaters, 183

work-for-hire doctrine and, 214

see also videocassette recorders; videotapes

Motorola 6800, 86

Moyer, Alfred, 98

MP3 files, 50-51, 120

Mulford, Clarence, 149, 166

Multicast Backbone (MBone), 104

multicasting, 104

Muppets, 194

Murrow, Edward R., 113

museums, public domain issues for, 134-35

music, 31-44, 136, 173

as accompaniment, 41-43

downloading of, 118, 120

publication of, 232

sheet, 32, 136

substantial similarity in, 162-66

videos, fixation and trafficking in, 170

musical performances, 136, 168-69

nonprofit, 181-82, 183

music publishers, 31, 32, 34-37, 44

Music Publishers’ Association, 37

Musser, Charles, 61

M. Witmark & Sons v. L. Bamberger & Co.,. 43, 259n

M. Witmark & Sons v. Pastime Amusement Co., 181, 263n

“My Sweet Lord,” 162-64, 163, 164

Nabisco, Inc., 221

Nabokov, Dmitri, 149

Nabokov, Vladimir, 149

Naked Gun 33-1/3, 192, 193

Napster, 51, 120

Nash, Jay, 190

Nash v. CBS, 190

Nation, 155, 204

National Archives, 144

National Commission on New Technological Uses of Copyright Works (CONTU), 24-25, 82-83, 85, 91

National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, 215-16

National Geographic Society, 62

National Information Infrastructure (NII), 110, 112

National Institutes of Health, 20-22, 21, 30

National Library of Medicine, 20-22

National Semiconductor Corporation, 75

National Television System Committee (NTSC), 72

natural rights, 247-28

NBC, 62

Needham, Harper & Steers, 159

Netherlands, 243

NET (No Electronic Theft) Act, 173

net profits, 175

Netscape Communications, 107, 109

New Hampshire, 18

newsgroups, 105-06, 105, 107

New York City Transit Authority, 132

New Yorker, 157, 157

New York Law School, 27

New York subway system, 132

New York Times, 213-14, 236

New York University (NYU), 26-27, 177-78

School of Law of, 27

Nichols, Anne, 153

Nichols v. Universal Pictures Corp., 152-54, 188, 189, 262n, 264n

Nielsen, Leslie, 192, 193

Night in Casablanca, A, 220

NII (National Information Infrastructure), 110, 112

Nintendo, 93, 201

Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, 67-69, 147-50

Nixon, Richard M., 155

No Electronic Theft (NET) Act, 173

nondisclosure agreements, 223

nonprofit musical performance, 181-82, 183

nonprofit performances, 168

notice, copyright, 130 177, 209, 236, 237, 238, 240-41, 242, 245

novelty (patent standard), 128, 186

NTSC (National Television System Committee), 72

NYNEX, 130

object code, 76-78

as work of utility, 85

O’Connor, Sandra Day, 188, 204, 261n

Odie (char.), 194

Office of Technology Assessment, 85

Ogden, Perry, 161, 161

“Old Man Down the Road, The,” 175-76

O’Neill, Eugene, 218

on-line service providers, 112

Digital Millennium Copyright Act and, 177, 178

limitation of liability for, 115-17

operating systems, computer, 83-85, 108

Macintosh 86-87

Orbison, Roy, 199, 200

originality, 127-30, 180, 188, 190, 202, 221

for maps and charts, 131-33

in paintings, drawings and sculpture, 141-43

of photography, 137-39

standard for reproductions, 133-35

and Zapruder film, 144

Ott, Fred, 60

output devices, 76

ownership of copyright, 212-16, 249-50

Pac-Man, 78, 79, 148

Painter, Uriah, 33

paintings, 140-43, 172

Paladin (char.), 228

Palmer, Robert, 166

Paragould Cablevision, Inc., 64

Paramount Pictures, 226

Parliament, 12-13

parody, 164, 191, 192-99

PASCAL, 77

passwords, 112, 118

patent, 128-29, 219, 223, 224, 227

computer programs and, 80-81

[289]

patent (continued)

higher standard of, 128, 186

law, works of utility and, 185-86

pedestal chair, 186

Pera, Pia, 149

performance rights, see public performances

Peter Pan Fabrics, Inc., 156-57

Peter Pan Fabrics, Inc. v. Martin Weiner Corp., 155, 156-57, 156, 187, 262n

Philadelphia Centennial Exposition (1876), 33

phonograph records, 46, 46, 47-48, 92, 144

phonographs, 32-33, 36

phonorecord compulsory license, 180, 184

phonorecord symbol, 45

photocopying, 17-30, 18

business, 20, 27-29

casual, 29-30

educational, 20, 25-27, 200

fair use, 20, 21-23

library, 20-25, 114, 177, 180, 200

photographs, 60, 61, 136-39, 136, 140, 247-48

as art form, 137

fixed fines for, 172

substantial similarity in, 159-62

Photoshop, 113

piano rolls, player pianos, 33-37, 34

Pink Floyd, 171

piracy, 241

of British books, 240

of computer software, 173, 178, 241

see also bootlegging

Pirates of Penzance, The, 232

plaintiffs, attorneys’ fees and, 175-76

plays:

dramatic rights, 58-60

substantial similarity in, 152-55

Playstation, 93

Poe, Edgar Allan, 231

Pong, 78, 79

Power Goo, 96

preemption doctrine, 146-47

President’s Committee on the Arts and Humanities, 250-51, 267n

Presley, Elvis, 226

Preston, Billy, 162

“Pretty Woman,” 199, 200

Princeton University Press v. Michigan Document Services, 28, 258n

printing presses, 10, 11-17

prints, 133-36, 172

privacy, right of, 226

profits:

allocation of, 174

in copyright infringement cases, 164

infringer’s, 174-75

lost, 174

net, 175

programming language, 77

property right, copyright as, 6, 13-14, 212, 247, 248

public display, 151, 169

public domain, 119, 246, 248

museums and, 134-35

technicalities and, 209

publicity, right of, 226, 227

public performances, 151, 168-69, 170, 173, 250

of digital sound recordings, 52-54, 52-53, 55

of drama, 168, 181

“for profit,” 41-43

of motion pictures, 168

musical, 136, 168-69, 170, 223, 246

nonprofit, 168

nonprofit musical, 181-82, 183

radio, in restaurants and small businesses, 182-84

of sound recordings, 168

public policy, fair use and, 199-204

publishers, 14, 16-17, 115, 166, 213, 225, 242

and international copyright, 235-37, 239

music, 31, 32, 34-37, 44

Pufnstuf (char.), 158, 159

Quality Inns, 222

Quality Inns International, Inc. v. McDonald’s Corp., 222, 265n

radio, 39-44, 62, 63, 115, 138, 181, 248

noncommercial, 184

in restaurants and small businesses, 182-83

[290]

Radio Corporation of America, 62

Raiders of the Lost Ark, 152

random access memory (RAM), 75, 117

Rawlings, Marjorie Kinnan, 243

Ray Dream Studio, 96

read-only memory (ROM), 75-76, 85

Reagan, Ronald, 244

Real Player, 52

Rear Window, 217

record companies, 45, 51, 55

Internet and, 110

Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), 50-51, 120

Recording Industry Association of America v. Diamond Multimedia Sys., Inc., 50-51, 259n

Record of a Sneeze, 60

records, see phonograph records

Reeves, Shirley, 40-41

registration, copyright, 177, 209-10, 211, 241, 242, 245, 246

Reid, James Earl, 214

Reiner, Carl, 196

religious institutions, 182

remedies, 171-79

attorneys’ fees, 175-76

costs of lawsuit, 175-76

criminal liability, 173-74

discretionary, 172, 176-77

fixed fines, 172

forfeiture of infringing copies, 171-72

infringer’s profits, 174-75

injunctions, 172-73

lost profits, 172, 174

renewal of copyright, 205, 206, 216-18

rental:

of computer games, 93

of computer programs, 92-93, 168, 244

of sound recordings, 47-48, 92, 168, 244

of videotapes, 69-72, 244-48

restaurants, 41, 181

radio in, 182-83

restoration of copyright, 246, 247

reverse-engineering, 223, 224

Rhode Island, 18

RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America), 50-51, 120

Riley, Pat, 221

Ringer, Barbara, 230

Rio, 50, 120, 259n

Robertson, Archibald, 17

robots, 107

Rock and Roll, 40

Rodin, Auguste, 142-43, 143

Rogers, Art, 193, 194

Rogers v. Koons, 192-93, 194, 264n

ROM (read only memory), 75-76, 85

Romm Art Creations, Ltd. v. Simcha Int’l, Inc., 223, 265n

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 62

“Run Through the Jungle,” 175-76

Rutles, 164

Saarinen, Eero, 185

Sagan, Carl, 12-13

Salinger, J.D., 212

Samuels, Claire, 96

Samuels, Marcia, 163

Sanka, 221

Sarnoff, David, 62

Sarony, Napoleon, 137-39, 137

Saroyan, William, 218

Saroyan v. William Saroyan Foundation, 218, 265

satellite dishes, 66-67, 120

compulsory license for, 185

satellites, communications, 100, 101

television signals and, 64, 66-67

Saturday Night Fever, 165

Saturday Night Live, 164, 192, 225

Scanlon, Jim, 193

scanners, image, 93

scanning, 61-63, 61

“School Days,” 32

Schrader, Paul, 152

Scientific American, 33, 75

Scott, Walter, 231, 232, 234

sculpture, 140-43

and chair, 185

Sears, Roebuck & Co., 36, 227

Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co., 227, 266n

Sears-Compco doctrine, 227-29

Second Circuit Court of Appeals, 189

Secure Digital Music Initiative, 51

Sega, 200-202

Genesis game system of, 201-2

Sega Enterprises, Ltd v. Accolade, Inc., 200-202, 264n

[291]

Seinfeld, 191

Selle, Ronald, 165

Selle v. Gibb, 165, 165, 264n

Semiconductor Chip Protection Act (1984), 91-92, 118

semiconductor chips, 89-92, 90

Seminole Tribe of Fla. v. Florida, 265n

Senate, U.S., 15, 17, 231

Serial Copy Management System, 50

SESAC, 43

Sesame Street, 129

settlements, 175

Seuss, Dr., 193, 195

Shakespeare, William, 188

“Sha-La-La”, 40

Shales, Tom, 69

Shanley’s Restaurant, 41, 42

sheet music, 32, 136

Sheldon, Edward B., 154, 175

Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp., 128, 154-55, 174-75, 261n, 262n, 263n

Shirelles, 40-41

Shredded Wheat, 221

Sid & Marty Krofft, 157-59, 158

Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions, Inc. v. McDonald’s Corp., 157-59, 158, 263n

silent movies, musical accompaniment for, 181, 181

Simon & Simon, 190

Simpson, O.J., 193, 195

Simpsons, The, 194

Sinatra, Frank, 196

Sinatra, Nancy, 227

Sinatra v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 227, 266n

Six Seconds in Dallas (Thompson), 202-3, 203

small businesses, radio in, 182-83

Smalley, Bion, 23, 190

Smith, Madeleine, 154-55

Snape, Dale, 71

Snyder, Jeffrey, 142

Sobel, Lionel, 204

software, see computer programs

song parodies, 192, 197, 199

songs, Revolutionary war, 31

Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, 67-69, 115, 177, 200, 259n, 264n

Sony Corporation, 67-69, 115, 177, 200, 201

sound recordings, 44-55, 118, 144, 229, 246, 247-48, 250

Congressional statute protecting (1972), 44-45

digital performance rights in, 52-54, 52-53, 55

digitized, 45-47, 47

fixation and trafficking in, 170

piracy of, 241

public performance of, 169

rental of, 47-48, 168, 244

work-for-hire doctrine and, 214

see also audiotapes,; compact discs; phonograph records

Sound Recordings Protection Act (1971), 144, 171, 229

source code, 76-77

Sousa, John Phillip, 42, 233, 235

Soviet Union, 248

Spade, Sam (char.), 147-49

Spark Plug (char.), 148

Spehl, Eric, 189

spiders, 107

Spielberg, Steven, 152-53

Spiller, Robert, 231, 240

Spofford, Ainsworth, 212

Spy, 193

Stanford University, 101

Stanwyck, Barbara, 196

Star computer, 87, 88

“Star-Spangled Banner, The,” 30

state laws, 222-29

ant-dilution, 222

common law copyright, 222-23

contracts, 225-26

defamation, 226

federal preemption of, 227-29

right of privacy, 226

right of publicity, 226, 227

trade secrets and, 223, 224-25

unfair competition, 223-24, 228

states, copyright infringement by, 216

Stationers’ Company, 11-12, 14

Stationers’ Licensing Acts, 12, 16-17

statues, 172

[292]

Statute of Anne (1710), (England), 11-13, 13, 16, 171-72, 205

statutory damages, 177, 246

Steinberg, Saul, 157, 157

Steinberg v. Columbia Pictures Industries, 157, 262-63n

Stewart, Jimmy, 217

Stewart v. Abend, 217, 265n

Stiffel Company, 227

Stoller, Mike, 41

storage unit, for computer memory, 75

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 139-40, 140, 231, 234

“streaming” audio, 52, 53-54

String of Puppies (Koons), 192-93, 194

substantial similarity, 143, 151-67, 190, 191

access and, 165-66

in advertising, 157-59, 161

of music, 162-66

in photographs, 159-62

of story lines, 152-55

in visual works, 155-59

Sullivan, Arthur, 232-34, 235, 235, 235-37

Sun Microsystems, 108

Superman (char.), 148

Super Mario Brothers, 78, 79, 93

Super Mario 64, 78, 79

Supreme Court, U.S., 155

on advertisements, 141-42

attorneys’ fees and, 175-76

on broadcast television, 64-65

on computer programs, 80

on dramatic works, 58-59

on fair use, 192

on “for profit” performances, 41

on home videotaping, 69

on liability of Betamax manufacturer, 200

on library photocopying, 22

on parody, 199

on photographs, 137-39

on piano rolls, 34-37

on preemption of state laws, 146-47, 227-29

on publishing excerpts, 204

on threshold of copyrightability, 128-30

on work for hire, 214

Swift, Jonathan, 16

synchronization licenses, 181, 183-84

system caching, 116-17

Tabbot, Arthur, 80

Tarkay, Itzchak, 223

Tarzan (char.), 148

Taylor, Deems, 32

Taylor, Paul, 145

TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/Internet protocol), 104

technology:

examples of typical home 4-6

Teledyne Systems Company, 75

telegraph, 98-99, 99, 101

telephone, 99-100, 100, 115, 129

telephony, 103-4

Teleprompter Corporation v. Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc., 65, 259n

television, 61-66, 62, 72-73, 115, 181, 182-83, 225, 248

broadcast, 61-63, 62

cable, see cable television

movies on, 63

noncommercial, 184

rights, 166

telnet, 106-7

Telstar, 1, 100

termination of copyright, 216-19, 229

Texaco, Inc., 28, 29, 30

textbooks, 241

theatrical performance rights, 168, 181

“These Boots Are Made for Walkin’,” 227

Third Circuit Court of Appeals, 85

Third World America (Reid), 214

Thompson, Josiah, 202-3, 203

Thoreau, Henry David, 231

“three-peat,” 221

Time, Inc., 144, 202

Time, Inc. v. Bernard Geis Associates, 144, 202-3, 203, 262n 264n

Time-Life, 225

Time to Heal, A (Ford), 155, 204

“Tin Pan Alley,” 32

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 231

Tom the Dancing Bug, 207

“Tonight Show, The,” 69

TotalNEWS, 120-22, 121

Tracy, George Lowell, 233

trade dress, 223, 224

trademark, 186, 220-22, 228

anti-dilution laws for, 222

[293]

trademark (continued)

notice, 219

unfair competition under, 224

Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), 244, 245-46, 247

trade secrets, 223, 224-25

computer programs and, 80

trafficking, in sound recordings and music videos, 170

Transactional Reporting Service (TRS), 28, 30

translations, 140, 168

work-for-hire doctrine and, 214

transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP), 104

TRIPS (Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights), 244, 245-26, 247

Trollope, Anthony, 238-39, 239

TRS (Transactional Reporting Service), 28, 30

Twain, Mark, 101, 206-7, 208, 217, 232

Twelfth Night (Shakespeare), 188

two-dimensional vs. three-dimensional depictions, 186, 187

2 Live Crew, 199, 200

UCC (Universal Copyright Convention) (1952), 209, 240-41, 244

Uncle Sam mechanical bank, 142-43, 142

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 139-40, 140, 234

unfair competition, 223-24, 228

expansion of, 186

Uniform Commercial Code, 215-16

United Artists Television, 63-64

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 240

United States:

early copyright history in, 13-17

international copyright and, 140, 230-48

see also specific copyright acts, amendments, and conventions

Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) (1952), 209, 240-41, 244

Universal Resource Locator (URL), 107, 122, 123

Universal Studios, 67, 153, 214

unpublished works, 119-20, 222-23, 225, 232

user IDs, 112, 118

Utah, University of, 101

Valenti, Jack, 71

Vanity Fair, 192, 193

Victor Talking Machine Co., 35

video cameras, 61-63

videocassette recorders (VCRs), 66-72, 115

Betamax, 49, 67-69, 71, 200

copy protection systems on, 114-15, 177-78

“time-shifting” and, 200

VHS, 49, 71

videoconferencing, 103-4

video games, 78-79, 78, 93

fair use and, 200-202

video images, on Internet, 103-4

video rentals, 47-48, 69-72, 244-45

computer games and, 93

videos, music, fixation and trafficking in, 170

videotapes:

FBI warning notice on, 173

home copying of, 70

impact on movie studios by, 70-72

piracy of, 173

Village Vanguard, 161, 161

VisiCalc, 83-84

visual art, attribution and integrity in, 169

visualization, 138

visual works, 155-59

von Tilzer, Harry, 42

waivers, 225

Wallace, Lewis, 57-58, 58

Walt Disney Productions, 67, 192, 195-99, 198

Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates, 192, 195-99, 198, 264n

Warner Bros., 149, 220

Warner Bros., Inc. v. Columbia Broadcasting System, 147-49, 262n

Washington, George, 14-15

Watson, Thomas, 129

Wax, Carol, 135

“webcasting,” 52, 53-54

Web sites:

advertising on, 103, 117

author’s, 8

[294]

Web sites (continued)

blocked access to infringing, 178

of Copyright Clearance Center, 29

for Copyright Office, 211

for Creative America, 267n

licensing and, 134

multimedia, 108

posting of chat room messages on, 103

updating of, 117

Webster, Daniel, 15, 137

Webster, Noah, 15

Western Electric Co., 129

White Paper, see Information Infrastructure Task Force

White-Smith Music Company, 34-37

White-Smith Pub’g Co. v. Apollo Co., 34-36, 44, 258n

Whitman, Walt, 231

Wild Boy and Puppy (Koons), 194

Wilde, Oscar, 137-38, 137

willful infringement, 177

Williams, Geoffrey, 152

Williams & Wilkins Company, 20, 22, 27

Williams & Wilkins Co. v. U.S., 20-23, 27, 30, 257n

William Saroyan Foundation, 218

Williams v. Crichton, 152-53, 262n

Willis, Bruce, 193

Windows, 88, 221

3.0, 87, 87

WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization), 71, 111, 113, 116-17, 119, 225, 245, 246

Wired magazine, 111

wireless communication, 62, 63

Witchiepoo (char.), 158

Women and Cafés (Tarkay), 223

Woolrich, Cornell, 217

work-for-hire doctrine, 213-15, 218-19, 229

works of utility, 87-88, 146, 185-86, 187

computer programs and, 81

object code as, 85

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 71, 111, 113, 116-17, 119, 225, 245, 246

World’s Fair (1939), 62

World War II, 62, 63, 230, 238, 240

World Wide Web, 103, 107-8, 110

Wozniak, Steve, 86

Writers Guild, 152

writings, other, 131

WTO (World Trade Organization), 170, 244, 245, 248

xerography, 18

Xerox (trade name), 221

Xerox Corporation, 18, 87, 88

Yahoo!, 109, 110

Yang, Jerry, 109, 110

Yearling, The (Rawlings), 243

Young & Rubicam, 227

Your Show of Shows, 196

“Yuppie Campaign, The,” 227

Zacchini, Hugo, 226, 226

Zacchini v. Scrips-Howard Broadcasting Co., 226, 226, 266n

Zambito, Gary, 152

Zambito v. Paramount Pictures, 152-53, 262n

Zapruder, Abraham, 143-44, 202-3, 203

Zeigfeld, Florenz, 40